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Calculate network address, broadcast, host range, and subnet mask from an IP and CIDR prefix
A typical home or small office network. 192.168.1.0/24 gives 254 usable hosts (192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254) with subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
10.0.0.0/8 is the largest private range with over 16 million addresses. Often used in large enterprise networks and cloud environments.
172.16.0.0/20 creates a subnet with 4,094 usable hosts. This is an example of Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) used to efficiently allocate IP space.
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation uses a slash followed by a number (e.g., /24) to indicate how many bits of the IP address are used for the network portion. The remaining bits are used for host addresses.
The first address in a subnet is reserved as the network address (identifies the network) and the last address is the broadcast address (sends to all hosts). These cannot be assigned to individual devices.
A wildcard mask is the inverse of the subnet mask. It is used in access control lists (ACLs) on routers and firewalls. Where the subnet mask has 1s, the wildcard has 0s, and vice versa.